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God's Army (motion Picture)

God's Army (motion picture)

God's Army is a 2000 film. It was written, directed by and features Richard Dutcher. It is an independent film and was financed by private investors.

Main cast

- Matthew A. Brown as Elder Allen
- Richard Dutcher as Elder Dalton
- Jacque Gray as Sister Fronk
- DeSean Terry as Elder Banks
- Michael Buster as Elder Kinegar
- Luis Robledo as Elder Sandoval
- Jeff Kelly as Elder Mangum
- John Pentecost as President Beecroft
- Lynne Carr as Sister Beecroft

Story

God's Army is about Mormon missionaries as they struggle with their work and, almost inevitably, their faith. The movie focuses on a pair of missionaries, Elder Allen (Brown) and Elder Dalton (Dutcher) serving as missionaries in Los Angeles, California ("Elder" is an office in the Priesthood and a title LDS missionaries use while serving missions). Dalton is a seasoned missionary and Allen is a new recruit paired with Dalton to be trained. Allen questions his reason for being on a mission. He is a somewhat faithful member of the Church, but his father was excommunicated from the church and his mother doesn't attend anymore. Dutcher proves to be a demanding taskmaster and he demands much of Allen—almost too much in Allen's eyes. Allen teeters on the brink of leaving his two-year mission almost as soon as it begins. Allen witnesses another missionary lose his faith and abandon his own mission. Allen changes his mind as he finds the sacrifices others have made to be on a mission, such as ostricization from family. His own companion, Elder Dalton, dropped out of medical school to serve a mission and is fighting a losing battle with brain cancer. After a trial of his faith and some ernest soul searching, Allen finds untapped courage and embraces his work as a messenger of God.

Reception

This movie was taken on a tour of North America for special engagements. It was primarily intended for members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ("Mormon" or LDS) audiences, but non-LDS viewers were also welcome to showings. The reception by LDS audiences was generally positive, while the reception from non-LDS viewers ranged from positive, to luke-warm to indignation. Many professional critics were pleased at Dutcher's willingness to address some of the more sensitive issues of the LDS church, such as their past denial to allow black members into the LDS priesthood. They also enjoyed the look into missionaries' struggles and the work they face. Despite this, some felt the film was too apologetic.

External links

- [http://www.godsarmythemovie.com/ Official God's Army website]
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- [http://www.zionfilms.com/ God's Army 2: States of Grace] — Forthcoming sequel to God's Army by Richard Dutcher. Category:2000 films Category:Latter Day Saint films

2000

This article is about the year 2000. For other uses of 2000, see 2000 (number) or 2000 (breakdancing move). 2000 (MM) is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Popular culture also holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium. By strict interpretation of the Gregorian Calendar, however, this distinction falls to the year 2001. This is due to the fact that the first century began with the year 1, and there does not exist a year zero. The first century (or first 100 years AD) was from January 1, in the year one (1 AD) through December 31, in the year one-hundred (100 AD). The second century began on January 1, in the year one-hundred and one (101 AD). The year 2000 is also marked as:
- The International Year for a Culture of Peace.
- The World Mathematical Year. See also Wikipedia's almanac of events for this year.

Events

January

- January 1 - Millennium celebrations take place throughout the world. Y2K passes without the serious, widespread computer failures and malfunctions that had been predicted.
- January 5-January 8 - The 2000 al-Qaida Summit
- January 6 - The last remaining Pyrenean Ibex is found dead.
- January 10 - America On-line announces an agreement to buy Time Warner for $162 billion. This is the largest-ever corporate merger.
- January 11 - the armed wing of Islamic Salvation Front concludes its negotiations with the government for an amnesty and disbands in Algeria.
- January 11 - The trawler Solway Harvester sinks off the Isle of Man.
- January 14 - A United Nations tribunal sentences five Bosnian Croats up to 25 years for the 1993 killing of over 100 Bosnian Muslims in a Bosnian village.
- January 16 - In Sacramento, California a commercial truck carrying evaporated milk is driven into the state capitol building killing the driver.
- January 24 - God's Army, Karen militia group led by twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, take 700 hostages at a Thai hospital near the Burmese border.
- January 30 - St. Louis Rams 23 defeat the Tennessee Titans 16 to win the Super_Bowl_XXXIV
- January 30 - Off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169. Within a day, Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashes off the California coast into the Pacific Ocean, killing 88.
- January 31 - Dr. Harold Shipman in sentenced to life in prison for murder of at least 15 of his patients out of 365 suspected victims.

February

- February 4 - German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion in connection with sabotage of German railway lines.
- February 6 - Tarja Halonen is elected the first Finnish female president.
- February 13 - Final original Peanuts comic strip is published.
- February 14 - The spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker entered orbit around asteroid 433 Eros, the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid.

March

- March 1 - The Constitution of Finland is rewritten.
- March 2 - Hans Blix assumes the position of Executive Chairman of UNMOVIC.
- March 8 - Tokyo train disaster.
- March 9 - FBI arrests suspected purveyor of art forgeries, Ely Sakhai, in New York City.
- March 10 - The NASDAQ Composite Index reaches an all-time high of 5048. ([http://dynamic.nasdaq.com/dynamic/IndexChart.asp?symbol=IXIC&desc=NASDAQ+Composite&sec=nasdaq&site=nasdaq&months=84])
- March 18 - 2000 Taiwanese presidential election: Chen Shui-bian is elected President of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
- March 20 - Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin, a former Black Panther, is captured after gun battle that left a sheriff's deputy dead.
- March 21 - Pope John Paul II began the first office visit by a Roman Catholic pontiff to Israel.
- March 21 - US Supreme Court ruled the goverment lacked authority to regulate tobacco as an addictive drug, throwing out the Clinton administration's main anti-smoking initiative.
- March 26 - Presidential elections in Russia: Vladimir Putin elected President.
- March 30 - America's Cup 2000 retained by Team New Zealand near Auckland. Prada Challenge 2000 lost 0-5 in a "best-of-9".

April

April.]]
- April 1 - Japanese prime minister Keizo Obuchi suffers a stroke and falls into a coma.
- April 3 - United States v. Microsoft: Microsoft is ruled to have violated United States antitrust laws by keeping "an oppressive thumb" on its competitors.
- April 5 - Yoshiro Mori replaces Obuchi as prime minister of Japan.
- April 7 - Attack submarine ex-Trepang completes being recycled.
- April 16 - Tuanku Syed Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail, Raja of Perlis dies after a reign of 55 years. He was the longest reigning monarch in the world since the death of Prince Franz Joseph II of Liechtenstein.
- April 17 - Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin becomes Raja of Perlis.
- April 22 - In a predawn raid, federal agents seize six-year old Elián González from his relatives' home in Miami, Florida and fly him to his Cuban father in Washington, DC ending one of the most publicized custody battles in US history.
- April 25 - The State of Vermont passes HB847, legalizing Civil Unions for same-sex couples.

May

- May 3 - A rare conjunction occurs on the New Moon including all seven of the traditional celestial bodies known from ancient times up until 1781 with the discovery of Uranus. The May 2000 conjunction consisted of: the Sun and Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
- May 3 - Computer pioneer Datapoint Corporation files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
- May 12 - The Tate Modern opens in London.
- May 13 - In Enschede a heavy fireworks explosion kills 20 and leaves an entire neighborhood in ruins.
- May 18 - Boo.com collapses due to lack of funds after six months.
- May 25 - Israel withdraws IDF troops from southern Lebanon after 22 years.
- May 28 - The volcano Mount Cameroon erupts.

June

- June 1 - Mark Mendlan, professional wrestler known by his ring name "Kid Gorgeous," is killed while wrestling at a show in New Hampshire.
- June 7 - U.S. District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson of the 4th circuit ordered the breakup of Microsoft Corp.
- June 10 - The New Jersey Devils defeat the Dallas Stars 4 games to 2 to win the 2000 Stanley Cup Finals.
- June 10 - The 2000 European Football Championship begins, hosted jointly by Belgium and the Netherlands.
- June 21 - Section 28, a law preventing the promotion of homosexuality is repealed by the Scottish Parliament.
- June 23 - Palace Backpackers Hostel fire in Childers, Queensland, Australia, kills 15 people.
- June 30 - During a set of the band Pearl Jam at the Roskilde Festival near Copenhagen, 9 die and 26 are injured in the crowd.

July

July
- July 2 - France beat Italy 2-1 to win the 2000 European Football Championship with a golden goal.
- July 2 - Presidential election of Mexico. Vicente Fox wins the Presidency as candidate of the rightist PAN (National Action Party).
- July 10 - In southern Nigeria, a leaking petroleum pipeline explodes killing about 250 villagers who were scavenging gasoline
- July 10 - Death of Denis O Conor Donn, died 10th July 2000, aged 88; succeded by his son, Desmond as The O Connor Donn
- July 18 - Alex Salmond resigns as the leader of the Scottish National Party
- July 25 - A Concorde carrying Air France Flight 4590 crashes just after takeoff from Paris killing all 109 aboard and 5 on the ground.

August

- August 1 - The Santa Cruz Operation announced that it will sell its Server Software and Services Divisions, as well as UnixWare and OpenServer technologies, to Caldera Systems,Inc.
- August 8 - Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor.
- August 12 - The Russian submarine Kursk sinks in the Barents Sea, resulting in the deaths of all 118 men on board.
- August 14 - The first comic of Megatokyo goes online. This webcomic will later become one of the most popular comics on the web (in terms of page views) and spawn numerous imitators.
- August 25 - the Emulex hoax - wire services publish fraudulent bad news about Emulex
- August 27 - The Ostankino Tower in Moscow catches fire, three people are killed.

September

- September 5 - Tuvalu joins the United Nations.
- September 6 - In New York City, the United Nations Millennium Summit begins with more than 180 world leaders present.
- September 6 - The last wholly Swedish-owned arms manufacturer, Bofors, is sold to American arms manufacturer United Defense
- September 7–14 - The UK fuel protests take place, with refineries blockaded, and supply to the country's network of petrol stations halted.
- September 8 - Albania officially joins the World Trade Organization.
- September 15 - The 2000 Summer Olympics are opened in Sydney, Australia.
- September 16 - Ukrainian journalist Georgiy Gongadze is last seen alive; this day is taken as the commemoration date of his death.
- September 24 - The American Family Association begins lobbying the U.S. Congress to eradicate the National Endowment for the Arts for funding the controversial book One of the Guys by Robert Clark Young
- September 26 - Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 15,000 protesters) turned violent during the IMF and World Bank summits.
- September 28 - Ariel Sharon leads several hundred armed Israelis in a visit to the Temple Mount. Palestinian civil disorder increases into the Al-Aqsa Intifada.
- September 29 - The Long Kesh prison in Northern Ireland is closed.

October

- October 2 NBC Today Show expanded it to three hours (7:00–10:00 A.M. Eastern Time/Pacific Time; 6:00–9:00 A.M. Central Time/Mountain Time)
- October 5 - President Slobodan Milošević leaves office after widespread demonstrations throughout Serbia and the withdrawal of Russian support.
- October 11 - 250 million gallons of coal sludge spill in Martin County, Kentucky. Considered a greater environmental disaster than the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
- October 12 - In Aden, Yemen, the USS Cole is badly damaged by two suicide bombers who placed a small boat laden with explosives along-side the United States Navy destroyer, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.
- October 21 15 Arab leaders convened in Cairo, Egypt, for their first summit in four years; the Libyan delegation walked out, angry over signs the summit would stop short of calling for breaking ties with Israel.
- October 22 – Mainichi Shinbun exposes Japanese archeologist Shinichi Fujimura as a fraud; Japanese archaeologists had based their treatises of his findings.
- October 26 - Pakistani authorities announce that their police have found an apparently ancient mummy of a persian princess in the province of Baluchistan. Iran, Pakistan and the Taliban all claim the mummy until Pakistan announces it is a forgery in April 17 2001
- October 31 - Singapore Airlines Flight 006 collides with construction equipment in the Chiang Kai Shek International Airport - 83 dead.
- October 31 - The last Jeremy clone has shut down.

November

November
- November - Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq rejects new U.N. Security Council weapons inspections proposals
- November 1 - Yugoslavia's new democratic government joined the United Nations after eight years of U.N. ostracism under former strongman Slobodan Milosevic.
- November 3 - Widespread flooding throughout England and Wales after days of heavy rain
- November 4 - President Clinton vetoed a bill that would have criminalized the leaking of government secrets.
- November 7 - U.S. presidential election, 2000: Republican challenger George W. Bush defeats Democrat Vice President Al Gore, but the final outcome is not known for over a month because of disputed votes in Florida.
- November 7 - Criminal gang raids the Millennium Dome to steal The Millennium Star diamond but police surveillance catches them in the act
- November 7 - Hillary Rodham Clinton is elected to the United States Senate, becoming the first First Lady of the United States to win public office
- November 11 - Kaprun disaster, Austria, where 155 skiers and snowboarders die when a cable car catches fire in an alpine tunnel.
- November 13 - Richard C. Duncan presents his paper, "The Peak Of World Oil Production And The Road To The Olduvai Gorge", on the Olduvai theory (about the collapse of the industrial civilization), at the Summit 2000 Pardee Keynote Symposia of the Geological Society of America)
- November 14 - Netscape version 6.0 is launched following two years of open source development creating a stable Mozilla web browser upon which it is based
- November 16 - Bill Clinton becomes the first sitting US President to visit Vietnam
- November 17 - Catastrophical landslide in Log pod Mangartom,Slovenia, kills 7, and causes millions of SIT of damage. It is one of the worst catastrophies in Slovenia in the past 100 years.
- November 17 - Alberto Fujimori is removed from office as president of Peru
- November 27 - Canada - Parliamentary elections - Jean Chrétien re-elected as Prime Minister as Liberal Party increases majority in House of Commons
- November 28 - Ukrainian politician Oleksander Moroz touches off the Cassette Scandal by publicly accusing President Leonid Kuchma of involvement in the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze.

December

- December 1 - Mexico - Vicente Fox becomes the first opposition President to take office since Francisco I. Madero in 1911. He wins the Presidency as candidate of the rightist PAN (National Action Party).
- December 28 - U.S. retail giant Montgomery Ward announces it is going out of business after 128 years.
- December 30 - Rizal Day Bombings: A series of bombs explode in various places in Metro Manila, Philippines, within a span of a few hours killing 22 and injuring about a hundred.

Unknown Date

- Limited reintroduction of routinely armed police in the UK for the first time since 1936.
- Scientists at University of Szeged's laboratory were first in the world to produce artificial heredity material.
- Millie I. Webb elected president of Mothers Against Drunk Driving.

Births

- February 23 - Max & Sam Christy, American actors
- March 15- Amy and Emily Walton, English actresses
- April 25 - Jacob & Joshua Rips, American actors
- October 6 - Amanda Pace, American actress
- October 20 - Cooper and Oliver Guynes, American actors
- November 8 - Madison and Marissa Poer, actresses

Deaths

January

- January 2 - Patrick O'Brian, English writer (b. 1914)
- January 15 - Fran Ryan, American actress (b. 1916)
- January 19 - Bettino Craxi, Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1934)
- January 19 - Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress (b. 1913)

February

- February 9 - Beau Jack, American boxer (b. 1921)
- February 11 - Roger Vadim, French film director (b. 1928)
- February 12 - Jalacy "Screamin' Jay" Hawkins, American musician (b. 1929)
- February 12 - Tom Landry, American football coach (b. 1924)
- February 12 - Charles M. Schulz, American comic strip artist (b. 1921)
- February 23 - Sir Stanley Matthews, English footballer (b. 1915)

April

- April 6 - Habib Bourguiba, President of Tunisia (b. 1903)
- April 16 - Tuanku Syed Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail, King of Malaysia (b. 1920)
- April 25 - David Merrick, American stage producer (b. 1911)
- April 29 - Phạm Văn Ðồng, Prime Minister of Vietnam (b. 1906)

May

- May 11 - Paula Wessely, Austrian actress (b. 1907)
- May 12 - Adam Petty, American race car driver (b. 1980)
- May 14 - Keizo Obuchi, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1937)
- May 17 - Donald Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1909)
- May 19 - Yevgeny Khrunov, cosmonaut

Screenwriter

Screenwriters, scenarists or script writers, are authors who write the screenplays from which movies and television programs are made. Many of them also work as "script doctors," attempting to change scripts to suit directors or studios; for instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak. Script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of the script doctoring food chain, being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece. In many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Most professional screenwriters are unionized and are represented by organisations such as the Writers Guild of America. The WGA is final arbiter on awarding writing credit for projects under its jurisdiction. (See screenwriting credit.) Some notable screenwriters:
- J.J. Abrams: Mission Impossible III, Armageddon, Regarding Henry, Alias, Lost, Felicity
- John August: Go, Titan A.E., Charlie's Angels, Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle
- Alan Ball
- David Benioff: 25th Hour, Troy
- Robert Benton: Bonnie and Clyde, Kramer vs. Kramer, Places in the Heart
- Leigh Brackett: The Big Sleep, Rio Bravo, The Empire Strikes Back
- Ray Bradbury: Moby Dick, King of Kings
- Shane Black : Lethal Weapon, The Last Boy Scout, Last Action Hero
- Bertrand Blier
- Paddy Chayefsky
- Larry Cohen : Phone Booth, Cellular
- Francis Ford Coppola
- Richard Curtis: Four Weddings and a Funeral, Notting Hill, Mr. Bean
- Frank Darabont: The Shawshank Redemption, The Green Mile
- I.A.L. Diamond
- Nora Ephron
- Hampton Fancher: Blade Runner
- Ernesto Gastaldi
- Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel: Splash, Parenthood, City Slickers, A League of Their Own
- William Goldman
- Akiva Goldsman
- David S. Goyer: Dark City, Blade series, Batman Begins
- James Gunn: Dawn of the Dead (2004), Scooby-Doo
- Adam Hackbarth: Demonica: Soul Huntress
- Shinobu Hashimoto, favorite screenwriter of Akira Kurosawa
- Ben Hecht
- Brian Helgeland
- John Hodge: Trainspotting, Shallow Grave, A Life Less Ordinary
- Sidney Howard
- Lawrence Kasdan: Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back, The Big Chill
- Charlie Kaufman
- James Kearns
- David Koepp
- Kadri Kousaar
- Hanif Kureishi: My Beautiful Laundrette
- Ring Lardner, Jr.
- Ernest Lehman: Sabrina, Executive Suite, North by Northwest, The Sweet Smell of Success
- John Logan
- Anita Loos
- Rod Lurie: Deterrence, The Contender
- Kurt Luedtke: Absence of Malice, Out of Africa
- Michael MacLennan: Queer As Folk (US), Anne of Green Gables
- David Mamet
- Herman J. Mankiewicz
- Joseph L. Mankiewicz
- Frances Marion
- Nancy Meyers
- Herman Miller (writer)
- Walter Newman
- David Peoples: Blade Runner, Twelve Monkeys, Ladyhawke
- Harold Pinter
- Michael Radford
- Robert Riskin: It Happened One Night, Lost Horizon
- Bruce Robinson: The Killing Fields, Withnail and I
- Frederica Sagor Maas
- John Sayles
- Paul Schrader
- Rod Serling
- Aaron Sorkin: A Few Good Men, The American President, Sports Night, The West Wing
- Oliver Stone: JFK, The Doors, Alexander
- Peter Stone
- Tom Stoppard
- J. Michael Straczynski: Creator and writer of most of Babylon 5. He also wrote The Complete Book of Scriptwriting, a well regarded and often used guide for beginning screenwriters.
- Quentin Tarantino: Pulp Fiction, Reservoir Dogs, True Romance, Jackie Brown
- Dalton Trumbo
- David N. Twohy: The Fugitive, G.I. Jane, Pitch Black
- Randall Wallace: Braveheart, Pearl Harbor, We Were Soldiers
- Joss Whedon: Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Toy Story, Titan A.E.
- Michael Wilson
- Rafael Yglesias: Fearless, Death and the Maiden, Les Miserables
- Steven Zaillian: Awakenings, Schindler's List, Searching for Bobby Fischer See also:
- Lists of authors
- screenplay
- screenwriting Screenwriter
- ja:脚本家

Richard Dutcher

Richard Dutcher is an American movie director, producer, writer and actor. He is notable among LDS members because of his Mormon-themed productions. Dutcher is also noted for his ability to raise money for his independent film productions. Dutcher graduated from Brigham Young University in 1988 with a degree in film. Since then, he's worked hard to perfect his craft and takes any opportunity to watch as many movies as possible, examining what makes them work or fall short. Dutcher's first commercial success was with the 2000 indie film God's Army. Dutcher took three years to raise the film's shoestring (by today's standards) budget of US$300,000. Dutcher wrote, directed and also starred in this film about Mormon missionaries, focusing on one missionary determined to finish his two-year mission even though he is dying of brain cancer. Despite a limited production budget, the film showed respectable production quality and adept acting. The film was taken on tour around North America for special, limited engagements. Dutcher followed this film in 2001 with Brigham City about the search for a serial murderer in a fictional small Utah town. The inhabitants of the town are mostly LDS and the movie explores how they react to and deal with the situation. Dutcher's third film "States of Grace" was released November 4, 2005. While carrying the working title of his first movie ("God's Army II: States of Grace"), this is not a true sequel. This movie follows a mostly different set of missionaries in Los Angeles, California, caught in the middle of gang warfare. Currently in pre-production is Prophet: The Story of Joseph Smith about the early LDS prophet. This movie will be Dutcher's first big-budget project, with a projected budget of $10 million, though also independently financed. Initially Val Kilmer was slated to play the lead role of the church founder, but was forced to back out due to other obligations. The producers are currently seeking another actor for the lead role, though they are still in talks with Kilmer trying to work out an arrangement. Although Dutcher's target audience is LDS, many members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are offended by his works. While Dutcher's questionable portrayal of LDS missionaries in God's Army was considered only mildly offensive by many members of the LDS church, Brigham City was so controversial that some crew members who were LDS simply walked off of the set. Referring to this event, Dutcher has since openly stated that adding controversial elements to his movies is part of his formula for making a successful movie, and that in the future he plans to not work with LDS actors as much, if at all, in order to avoid similar production delays. While Dutcher continues to have a significant LDS fan base, many members of the Church of Jesus Christ are increasingly opposed to his works. This is magnified by the fact that many members of the LDS faith are often weary of movies with PG-13 or R ratings. Dutcher's last two movies were rated PG-13, and he has openly stated that he one day plans to create an R-rated movie. Dutcher has been married to his wife, Gwen, since 1988. They have five children.

External links

-
- [http://www.ldsfilm.com/directors/Dutcher.html Dutcher filmography and biography] Dutcher Dutcher Dutcher Dutcher Dutcher

Indie film

An (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. According to MPAA data, January through March 2005 showed approximately 15% of US domestic box office revenue was from independent or indie studios. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.

History

The roots of independent film can be traced back to when the early pioneer filmmakers at the turn of the century resisted the control of the Motion Pictures Patents Company, when filmmakers built their own cameras to escape the Edison trusts in order to relocate to Southern California where they laid the foundations of the American film industry as well as the Hollywood studio system. The studio system took on a life of its own, and became too powerful. Filmmakers once again sought independence as a result. Throughout the decades, independent filmmakers around the world have created a diverse range of filmmaking styles that symbolize their own unique cultures such as Experimental film and Underground film. Some independent filmmakers have even broken through technological barriers with the use of digital cinema.

Technology

Until the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety. Film requires expensive lighting and post-production facilities. But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like the open source Cinelerra or the commercial Adobe Premiere Pro and Final Cut Pro and consumer level software such as the open source Kino, or the commercial Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive. Popular digital camcorders, mostly semi-professional equipment with 3-CCD technology, include:
- Canon [http://www.canondv.com/xl1s/] , GL2, XL1(S), XL2
- Panasonic AG-DVX100/AG-DVX100A
- Sony VX-1000/2000/2100
- Sony PD-150/170 Most of these cost between US$2,000 - $5,000 in 2003, with costs continuing to decline as features are added, and models depreciate.

Indie vs Major

Creatively, it was becoming increasingly difficult to get studio backing for experimental films. Experimental elements in theme and style are inhibitors for the big studios. On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. The problem is exacerbated by the trend towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987). An unproven director is almost never given the opportunity to get his or her big break with the studios unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Films with unknowns, particularly in lead roles, are also rarely produced. Another key expense for independent movie makers is the music for the film. The licensing fees for popular songs can range between US$10,000 - $20,000. Anecdotal evidence for the difference between indie films and studio films abounds. The following example was taken from a guest on David Letterman's talk show in November 2003: :The scene "Amy opens the window" takes half a day and perhaps ten shots in a big studio production: ::Amy walks to the window, ::Window itself, ::Amy touching the handle, ::shot from outside the window, etc. :For independent film makers, that scene is one shot, and done before 9 a.m. Independent movie-making has resulted in the proliferation of short films and short film festivals. Full-length films are often showcased at film festivals such as Robert Redford's Sundance Film Festival, the Slamdance Film Festival or the Cannes Film Festival. Award winners from these exhibitions often get picked up for distribution by major film studios, and go on to worldwide releases.

Indie-producing studios

The following studios are considered to be the most prevalent of the independent studios (as of November 2004): Lions Gate, MGM/UA, Fox Searchlight, Focus Features, Sony Classics, IDP, Warner Independent, Magnolia, Paramount Classics, Fine Line, Dimension, ThinkFilm, 4Kids Productions, and Saban Entertainment. Note that many of the above studios are subsidiaries of larger studios -- for example, Sony Classics is owned by Sony Pictures and is designed to develop less commercial, more character driven films. In addition to these most prevalent of independent studios there exists several hundred production companies who produce independent films every year. These small companies look to regionally release their films theatrically or for additional financing and resources to distribute, advertise and exhibit their project on a national scale.

List of Some Significant Independent Films

(this list needs to be revisited)
- Shadows (John Cassavetes, 1959)
- Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (Russ Meyer. 1965)
- Pink Flamingos (John Waters, 1972)
- Eraserhead (David Lynch, 1977)
- Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977)
- Return of the Secaucus 7 (John Sayles, 1980)
- She's Gotta Have It (Spike Lee, 1986)
- sex, lies and videotape (Steven Soderbergh, 1989)
- Slacker (Richard Linklater, 1991)
- El Mariachi (Robert Rodriguez, 1992)
- Clerks (Kevin Smith, 1994)
- Pulp Fiction (Quentin Tarantino, 1994)
- Bottle Rocket (Wes Anderson, 1996)
- Cube (Vincenzo Natali, 1997)
- The Blair Witch Project (Daniel Myrick & Eduardo Sánchez, 1999)
- Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001)
- Mulholland Drive (film) (2001)
- Garden State (Zach Braff, 2004)
- Napoleon Dynamite (2004)
- David Holzman's Diary (Jim McBride, 1967)
- Naked (Mike Leigh, 1993)

External links

- [http://www.movie-today.com Movie Today] Examples of independently made student short films by movie buffs.
- [http://www.independentfilms.org/ Independent Films] Indie Films and Independent Film Festivals.
- [http://www.filmacademy.co.uk Film Academy - online network and resources for the indie filmmaker]
- [http://indie.imdb.com/index.indie Internet Movie Database Independent Films]
- [http://www.ukfilmtalk.co.uk UKFilmTalk: A growing network of independent film makers based in the UK]
- [http://www.indiewire.com IndieWire News]
- [http://www.elsnerpictures.com Elsner Pictures] An example of an independent film studio.
- [http://www.ifp.org Independent Feature Project]
- [http://www.tapelist.com Tapelist (Film Projects, Distributors, Financers)]
- [http://www.aivf.org AIVF Organization]
- [http://www.indieflix.com/ IndieFlix - working with filmmakers to create a marketplace of independent films on DVD] Category:Film genres Category:Film Category:ISBN needed ja:自主映画

Richard Dutcher

External links

-
- [http://www.ldsfilm.com/directors/Dutcher.html Dutcher filmography and biography] Dutcher Dutcher Dutcher Dutcher Dutcher

Latter-day Saint

A Latter-day Saint is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The British spelling "Latter-day Saint" with the hyphen originated in 1852 when the LDS Church was incorporated in Salt Lake City, Utah, but a similar term "Latter Day Saint" was used in reference to members of the church from its conception in 1830. Some have used the term "Latter Day Saint" to refer to any members of any of the churches involved in the movement of Mormonism which began in the 1830s and had small groups break away from the main body of saints, but such usage is much less common. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest church in the United States. They are sometimes referred to as Mormons, although a few other groups which stem from the same movement also refer to themselves as Mormons, a term that began as a nickname in reference to their belief in a book of scripture called the "Book of Mormon." Due to a large number of incidents in which misidentification has been made in regard to LDS Church, confusing the church with its much smaller schisms, the church strongly prefers that if the term is used that it be applied solely to the LDS Church while at the same time encouraging the increased use of official and historic self-designations such as "Latter-day Saints", "Saints", and "Church of Jesus Christ" instead of Mormon. (See [http://www.lds.org/newsroom/page/0,15606,4043-1---15-168,00.html LDS Style Guide]). There are more than 12 million Latter-day Saints in the world today (roughly 4-5 million are active members), the majority of which reside outside the United States (approximately 45 percent reside within the US). According to Time and Newsweek, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is one of the fastest growing religions in the world today, having more than doubled in membership since 1982. It is the most far reaching world religion originating in the United States. The most doctrinally accurate description of their beliefs can be found on the links listed on this page.

External links

Official Church Websites

- [http://www.mormon.org/ Basic Beliefs]
- [http://www.besmart.com/ BeSmart (Church Education)]
- [http://lds.org/churchhistory/0,15478,4154-1,00.html Church History]
- [http://lds.org/churchmusic/ Church Music]
- [http://www.familysearch.org/ FamilySearch]
- [http://www.lds.org/ Global Internet Site (LDS.org)]
- [http://lds.org/hf/welcome/0,16744,5-1,00.html Home and Family]
- [http://www.josephsmith.net/ Joseph Smith]
- [http://www.ldscatalog.com/ LDS Catalog (Order Church Materials)]
- [http://lds.org/ldsfoundation/welcome/0,6892,407-1,00.html LDS Foundation]
- [http://lds.org/newsroom/0,15239,181-1,00.html News Room]
- [http://www.providentliving.org/ Provident Living]
- [http://scriptures.lds.org/ Scriptures]
- [http://lds.org/pa/welcome/0,17827,5235-1,00.html Serving in the Church]
- [http://lds.org/units/find/0,12831,2311-1,00.html Stake and Ward Websites]

Official Country Sites

Unofficial Church Sites

- [http://farms.byu.edu FARMS - Foundation for Ancient Religion and Mormon Studies]
- [http://fair-lds.org/ FAIR - Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research]
- [http://www.ldsresources.net/ LDS Resources]
- [http://www.jefflindsay.com/LDSFAQ/ Mormon Answers: LDSFAQ]
- [http://www.mormonaer.de/ Who wants to be a mormonaire?]
- [http://www.desertsaintsmagazine.com/ Desert Saints Magazine]

Opposing Views

- [http://www.refutingmormonism.com/ Refuting Mormonism] - Biblical arguments and scripture to refute the claims of Mormonism.
- [http://www.carm.org/mormon/ CARM.ORG]
- [http://www.exmormon.org/ Recovery from Mormonism]

Faith

The word faith has various uses; its central meaning is similar to "belief", "trust" or "confidence", but unlike these terms, "faith" tends to imply a transpersonal rather than interpersonal relationship – with God or a higher power. The object of faith can be a person (or even an inanimate object or state of affairs) or a proposition (or body of propositions, such as a religious credo). In each case, however, the faithful subject's faith is in an aspect of the object that cannot be rationally proven or objectively known. In religious contexts, "faith" has several different meanings. Sometimes, it means loyalty to one's religion. It is in the latter sense in which one can speak of, for example, "the Catholic faith" or "the Islamic faith." For creedal religions, faith also means that one accepts the religious tenets of the religion as true. For non-creedal religions, faith often means that one is loyal to a particular religious community. In general, faith means being sure of what you hope for and certain of what you do not see with your physical (as opposed to spiritual) eyes. Sometimes, faith means a belief in a relationship with a deity. In this case, "faith" is used in the sense of "fidelity." Such a commitment need not be blind or submissive, although it often shares these types of characteristics. For many Jews, for example, the Hebrew Bible and Talmud depict a committed but contentious relationship between their God and the Children of Israel. For quite a lot of people, faith or the lack thereof, is an important part of their identities. E.g. a person will identify him or herself as a Muslim or a skeptic. Many religious rationalists, as well as non-religious people, criticise implicit faith as being irrational. In this view, belief should be restricted to what is directly supportable by logic or evidence and nothing should be believed unless supported by the Scientific method. Sometimes, faith means a belief in the existence of a deity, and can be used to distinguish individual belief in deities from belief in deities within religion. However it can also be used in context of belief in deities within religions. ManyJews, Christians and Muslims claim that there is adequate historical evidence of their God's existence and His interaction with human beings. As such, they may believe that there is no need for "faith" in God in the sense of belief against or despite evidence; rather, they hold that evidence is sufficient to demonstrate that their God certainly exists, and that particular beliefs, concerning who or what their God is and why this God is to be trusted, are vindicated by evidence and logic. For people in this category, "faith" in a God simply means "belief that one has knowledge of [any particular] God". It is logically impossible that all these different religions with their mutually contradictory beliefs can simultaneously be true. Therefore the majority of believers have faith in a belief system which is in some ways false, which they have difficulty describing at least. This is disputed though by some religious traditions especially in Hinduism who hold the view that the several different faiths are just aspects of the ultimate truth that the several religions have difficulty to describe and understand. They see the different religions as just different paths to the same goal. This does not explain away all logical contradictions between faiths but these traditions say that all seeming contradictions will be understood once a person has an experience of the Hindu concept of moksha. What is believed concerning God, in this sense, is at least in principle only as reliable as the evidence and the logic by which faith is supported. Finally, some religious believers – and many of their critics – often use the term "faith" as the affirmation of belief without an ongoing test of evidence, and even despite evidence apparently to the contrary. Most Jews, Christians and Muslims admit that whatever particular evidence or reason they may possess that their God exists and is deserving of trust, is not ultimately the basis for their believing. Thus, in this sense faith refers to belief beyond evidence or logical arguments, sometimes called "implicit faith". Another form of this kind of faith is fideism: one ought to believe that God exists, but one should not base that belief on any other beliefs; one should, instead, accept it without any reasons at all. Faith in this sense, grounded simply in the sincerity of faith, belief on the basis of believing, is often associated with Søren Kierkegaard for example, and some other existentialist religious thinkers; his views are presented in Fear and Trembling. William Sloane Coffin counters that faith is not acceptance without proof, but trust without reservation.

Christianity

Faith in Christianity centers on faith in the existence of God, who created the universe. The precise meaning and content of faith in Christianity differs somewhat between the various Christian religions. For more, see: Faith in Christianity

Buddhism

Faith (saddha/ sraddha) is an important constituent element of the teachings of the Buddha - both in the Theravada tradition as in the Mahayana. While not of the “blind” variety and on occasion linked with insight (prajna), Buddhist faith (as advocated by the Buddha of the various scriptures) nevertheless requires a degree of trusting confidence and belief primarily in the spiritual attainment and salvational knowledge of the Buddha. Faith in Buddhism centres on belief in the Buddha as a supremely Awakened being, on his unexcelled role as teacher of both humans and gods, in the truth of his Dharma (spiritual Doctrine), and in his Sangha (community of spiritually developed followers). Faith in Buddhism functions as a form of motor, which propels the Buddhist practitioner towards the goal of Awakening (bodhi) and Nirvana. For more, see Faith in Buddhism

Rastafari

Faith to the Rastafarians implies knowledge of the divinity of Haile Selassie rather than belief in this proposition, as Rastas claim not to hold belief systems. The word faith does not hold such negative connotations. Their faith in Selassie as God, and as the being who is going to end their sufferings at the day of judgement when they will return to live in Africa under his rule is at the centre of their lives. The dreadlocks are worn as an open declaration of faith in and loyalty towards Haile Selassie, while marijuana is seen to help cultivate a strong faith by bringing the faithful closer to God. Rastas have faith when 2 or more of them come together to reason about their religion that Haile Selassie is with them. Selassie is seen as both God the Father, who created Heaven and earth, and as God the Son, the Reincarnation of Jesus Christ. To complete the Holy Trinity the Holy Spirit is seen as being in the believers themselves, and within all human beings. The announcement of the death of Selassie in 1975 did not disturb the faith of the Rastas, who assumed that God cannot die, and that therefore the news was false. Rastas also have a faith in physical immortality, both for Haile Selassie and for themselves.

External links

- [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religion-epistemology/ Epistemology of the religion, article from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Peter Forrest]
- [http://www.apuritansmind.com/Justification/CalvinJohnJustification.htm John Calvin on Justification by Faith from The Institutes of the Christian Religion]
- [http://www.seegod.org/the_warrant_of_faith.htm Charles Spurgeon on the Warrant of Faith]
- [http://public.csusm.edu/public/guests/rsclark/Warfield.html B.B. Warfield on Justification By Faith]
- [http://www.skepdic.com/faith.html The Skeptic's Dictionary entry on Faith]
- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05752c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia entry on Faith]
- [http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword.asp?scope=6198&kid=1247 Faith in Judaism] chabad.org

Classic reflections on the nature of faith

- Martin Buber I and Thou
- Paul Tillich The Dynamics of Faith

The Reformation view of faith

- John Calvin, The Institutes of the Christian Religion
- R.C. Sproul, Faith Alone Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine Category:Belief Category:Spirituality ja:信仰

Priesthood (Latter-day Saint)

In Mormonism, priesthood is considered to be the power and authority to act in the name of God, including the performance of sacred rites and ordinances, and the performance of miracles. A body of priesthood holders is referred to as a quorum. The term priesthood denotes elements of both power and authority. As a power, priesthood includes the power to perform miracles. Latter Day Saints believe that the Biblical miracles performed by prophets and apostles were performed by the power of the priesthood, including the miracles of Jesus, whom Latter Day Saints believe was "a priest forever ever after the order of Melchisedec" (Heb. 5:6), and thus that Jesus held the Melchizedek Priesthood. As an authority, priesthood is considered to be the legitimizing stamp by which a person may perform ecclesiastical acts in the name of God, or to hold clerical positions in the church. Latter Day Saints believe that acts (and in particular, Ordinances) performed by one with the priesthood are recognized by God and are binding in heaven and in the afterlife. In addition, Latter Day Saints believe that leadership positions within the church are legitimized by the priesthood authority.

Orders of Priesthood

There are at least two types (called "orders") of Mormon priesthood: (1) the Aaronic Priesthood (or Levitical priesthood), which is considered to be a lesser priesthood tracing its roots to Aaron the brother of Moses, (2) the Melchizedek Priesthood, which is considered to be a higher priesthood. The distinction between these two orders of priesthood derives in part from the Epistle to the Hebrews, whose author argues that Jesus arose "after the order of Melchizedec, and not...after the order of Aaron." (Heb. 7:11). The Aaronic Priesthood (also called the Levitical Priesthood) was the original form practiced by Joseph Smith, Jr. and his associates beginning on May 15, 1829, when Smith and Oliver Cowdery claimed to have been ordained to this priesthood by an angel identifying himself as John the Baptist. The Melchizedek Priesthood is also referred to as the "high priesthood of the holy order of God" (Alma 4:20, 13:8), or the "Holy Priesthood, after the Order of the Son of God" (LDS D&C 107:3). In Mormonism, unlike most other Christian religions, the Melchizedek Priesthood is thought to be held by mortals as a normal priesthood office, and not solely by either pre-Aaronic priests such as Melchizedek, or Jesus alone, as most Christians interpret the Epistle to the Hebrews. There is some controversy over whether there is a separate third order called the Patriarchal Priesthood, which was listed by Joseph Smith, Jr. in 1843 as one of three orders, but about which he provided little information. At earlier times, Smith referred to only two orders of priesthood. (See, e.g., LDS D&C 107:1) Thus, many Latter Day Saints view the Patriarchal order as an indistinct part of the Melchizedek Priesthood practiced only in temples.

Calling and ordination

According to Latter Day Saint doctrine, to exercise priesthood power or authority, a person must (1) be called by God, (2) be ordained or endowed with priesthood power, and (3) receive the necessary "keys", either through ordination to an office or through delegation or setting apart.

Calling to the priesthood

Latter Day Saints believe that as a prerequisite to receiving the priesthood, a person must be called to the priesthood. When a person is called, it is the person's opportunity or destiny to hold the priesthood. See Matthew 22 ("Many are called but few are chosen"). There is some disagreement as to the manner in which a person may be called to the priesthood; however, there are at least four possibilities expressed in Mormon scripture: (1) calling by prophesy, (2) calling through lineage, (3) calling by foreordination, or (4) calling through faith and good works. In addition, a person's calling through lineage or foreordination may be revealed by prophesy, and a person's faith and good works may identify him as one who was foreordained; thus, these categories are far from mutually exclusive.

Calling by prophecy

Despite the existence in Mormon doctrine of other means by which a person could be called to the priesthood, the most common and standard means by which a person is said to have been "called" to the priesthood is "by prophecy". In his The Wentworth Letter, Joseph Smith, Jr. stated, "We believe that a man must be called of God, by prophecy...to preach the Gospel and administer in the ordinances thereof." (See also Fifth Article of Faith.) In the early church, many callings came as direct scriptural revelations by Joseph Smith, Jr.. Since Smith's death, most Mormon denominations consider a person to have been called by prophecy when someone within the church hierarchy, who holds the priesthood, is inspired by the Holy Spirit that the person should hold the priesthood.

Right to the priesthood through lineage

In some situations, Latter Day Saints believe that a person may also be called through their lineage, so that they have a legal right to a priesthood office by "lineal succession." For example, Doctrine and Covenants 68:16-21 states, "And if they be literal descendants of Aaron, they have a legal right to the bishopric, if they are the firstborn among the sons of Aaron." In addition, Joseph Smith believed in a Patriarchal Priesthood (or "Abrahamic" priesthood) that descended from father to son, and was held by Joseph Smith, Sr. See, e.g., Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, sec. 6, pp. 322-323. One who has the right and calling to hold these positions through lineage must still be ordained by the church hierarchy before officiating in the office.

Calling by foreordination

Latter Day Saints also believe that a person may be called to the priesthood by foreordination. The Book of Mormon refers to priests that were "called and prepared from the foundation of the world according to the foreknowledge of God, on account of their exceeding faith and good works." (Alma 13:3). In Joseph Smith's Book of Abraham, Abraham was said to be called to the priesthood in this way: :Now the Lord had shown unto me, Abraham, the intelligences that were organized before the world was; and among all these there were many of the noble and great ones; And God saw these souls that they were good, and he stood in the midst of them, and he said: These I will make my rulers; for he stood among those that were spirits, and he saw that they were good; and he said unto me: Abraham, thou art one of them; thou wast chosen before thou wast born. (Abraham 3:22-23.) It is generally believed that those who were foreordained to the priesthood earned this right by valiancy or nobility in the Pre-mortal life. It is by prophecy that a person's foreordination is thought to be revealed. Latter Day Saints, however, do not believe in predestination, and therefore believe that foreordination is a destiny, but not an immutable destiny. A person can lose their foreordination through sin.

Calling by faith and good works

Many Latter Day Saints believe that a person may be called to the priesthood through their faith and good works. This view is based primarily upon the Book of Mormon, which states that "it was by faith that they of old were called after the holy order of God". (Ether 12:10). Similarly, in the Book of Mormons first detailed discussion concerning the calling and ordination of high priests, the scripture states, "And this is the manner after which they were ordained—...they having chosen good, and exercising exceedingly great faith, are called with a holy calling.... And thus they have been called to this holy calling on account of their faith." (Alma 13:3-4. In a similar vein, the earliest sections of the Doctrine and Covenants contain statements such as "if ye have desires to serve God ye are called to the work" (LDS D&C 4:3) and "whosoever will thrust in his sickle and reap, the same is called of God" (LDS D&C 6:4).
The gift of the priesthood and ordination to a particular priesthood office
In addition to being called by God, Latter Day Saint theology holds that a person must be given the priesthood power by one who previously holds it. While calling represents a general call to exercise priesthood authority or power, a person is not thought to actually possess the priesthood to which they have been called until it is formally conferred or endowed to that person through a ritual ceremony. Mormons generally understand priesthood power to be given in one of two ways: (1) as part of an ordination ceremony, or (2) through the Endowment ceremony (a minority view). After a person has received the priesthood power as part of a ritual ceremony, a person may be ordained numerous times to various particular offices within the church.
The requirement of priesthood succession
Very early in his ministry, Joseph Smith, Jr. began to advocate the position that priesthood does not come directly from God through the Holy Spirit, as many Protestants believe, but through a line of direct or apostolic succession. Thus, Latter Day Saints generally believe that priesthood originates with Jesus, and is passed to others through a line of succession. Only one who holds the priesthood can pass it to another. Thus, in 1829, Smith and his associate claimed that the Aaronic Priesthood was given to him by John the Baptist, who was thought to have that authority through the lineage of his father Zacharias, who was an Aaronic priest. Later, Smith also claimed to receive the Melchizedek Priesthood from the Apostles Peter, James, and John, who were given their authority by Jesus.
Gift of the priesthood through an ordination ceremony
The most common and well-recognized manner through which a Latter Day Saint receives the priesthood is as part of an ordination ceremony. Typically, in an ordination ceremony, before a person is ordained for the first time to a particular office such as elder, teacher, or priest, the person performing the ceremony will "confer upon them" the Aaronic or Melchizedek priesthood.
Gift of the priesthood through the Endowment ceremony
While most Latter Day Saints recognize that priesthood may be conferred as part of an ordination ceremony, some feminist Mormons understand the Endowment ceremony to be an endowment of priesthood power. In the washing and anointing portion of the Endowment ceremony, men are washed and anointed (by men) "to become kings and priests", while women are washed and anointed (by women) "to become queens and priestesses". Later in the ceremony, both men and women are clothed in the "robes of the priesthood" and "prepared to officiate in the ordinances of" the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods. Thus, it has been suggested that the Endowment ceremony was recognized as an endowment of priesthood power to both men and women, although not an ordination to a specific priesthood office. (Hanks, 1992). This view was expressed in 1884 by Eliza R. Snow, president of the Relief Society, who stated: :Is it necessary for sisters to be set apart to officiate in the sacred ordinances of washing, anointing, and laying on of hands in administering to the sick? It certainly is not. Any and all sisters who honor their holy endowments, not only have right, but should feel it a duty, whenever called upon to administer to our sisters in these ordinances, which God has graciously committed to His daughters as well as to His sons; and we testify that when administered and received in faith and humility they are accompanied with almighty power. (Snow, 1884).
Ordination to particular priesthood offices in the church through the laying on of hands
After a person has received the priesthood power as part of a ritual ceremony, a person may be ordained numerous times to various particular offices within the church. This generally takes place by the laying on of hands. The ordination to a particular office, such as priest, teacher, or elder, represents a more specific call to perform a particular priesthood duty within the church, and a person may be ordained to numerous offices during their lifetime, depending on the needs of the church. That specific ordinations to preach or perform ordinances are made through the laying on of hands was a concept formulated early in Joseph Smith's ministry. He stated the principle as one of the church's articles of faith, that a calling to preach or perform rituals in the name of Christ was to be made through "prophecy and the laying on of hands by those who are in authority" (See Fifth Article of Faith in The Wentworth Letter). A Book of Mormon example of ordination by the laying on of hands is found in the Book of Alma, where Alma "ordained priests and elders, by laying on his hands according to the order of God, to preside and watch over the church." (Alma 6:1). Modern day priesthood holders ordained to the office of priest (or 'higher') are able to ordain other worthy members to priesthood offices up to their office.
Priesthood keys
Priesthood keys are additional tokens of priesthood authority authorizing specific acts or duties. For a priesthood holder to perform miracles or legitimate ecclesiastical acts in the name of God, Latter Day Saints believe that a priesthood holder must hold the keys to perform that miracle or act. Thus, even though a priesthood holder is called and ordained with general priesthood power, the person may also require specific keys not held by all priesthood holders. The existence of keys makes possible a church hierarchy, in which particular priesthood holders specialize in a particular eclesiastical function. Priesthood keys are passed in much the same way as priesthood power in general, usually through the laying on of hands. There are three types of keys: (1) default keys held by every priesthood holder, (2) keys associated with a priesthood office and held by every holder of that office, and (3) special keys granted only to priesthood holders with select callings within the church.
Priesthood offices and quorums
Within the priesthood, there are many "offices", which represent a category of positions within the clerical hierarchy

God's Army (motion picture)

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2000

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Richard Dutcher

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Further Reading

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See also

Further reading

External links

Classic reflections on the nature of faith

The Reformation view of faith

Priesthood (Latter-day Saint)

Orders of Priesthood

Calling and ordination

Calling to the priesthood

Calling by prophecy

Right to the priesthood through lineage

Calling by foreordination

Calling by faith and good works

The gift of the priesthood and ordination to a particular priesthood office

The requirement of priesthood succession

Gift of the priesthood through an ordination ceremony

Gift of the priesthood through the Endowment ceremony

Ordination to particular priesthood offices in the church through the laying on of hands

Priesthood keys

Priesthood offices and quorums